The Pontic dialect developed from the Ancient Greek dialect and
originated from the Greeks who colonized the Pontus region (current day
north eastern Turkey) in the 8th century BC. Today, Pontic is spoken
mainly by Pontic Greeks who reside in Greece and who were forced
from Pontus in 1923 as a result of the
Treaty of Lausanne. The dialect is also used in northeastern Turkey (Pontus) today by a small number of people. In this region the dialect
is referred to as Romeika or Romeyka. The dialect is also used by Pontic Greeks who
reside in the diaspora.
All forms of Greek (with one exception) derive from the ‘Hellenistic Koine'
(meaning common language) which developed throughout the Greek speaking
world in areas such as Greece, parts of the Balkans, southern Italy and
Sicily, Asia Minor and parts of the Middle East and North Africa., from
the 4th century BC to the 4th century AD. This Greek generally
superceded the Ancient Greek dialect which came before it.
Owing to it's geographic isolation from the
remainder of the Greek speaking world, and accompanied by the Seljuk
Turk invasions into Asia Minor around the 11th century, the dialect
spoken by the Pontians took on a path of it's own, and started to differ
considerably from the remainder of the Greek speaking world. Therefore,
the Pontic dialect may seem unintelligible to a mainland Greek, but it
is actually a form of the same Greek dialect which was spoken at some
stage in the wider Greek speaking world but had since died out there.
The Pontic dialect spoken in Pontus
therefore not only kept many medieval features, but it was also
influenced by other languages in the Pontus, most notably Turkish,
since Pontus was administratively within the Ottoman Empire and since
many in the Pontus region also spoke Turkish. The Pontic dialect may
also exhibit influences of Persian and other Caucasian languages.
Peter Mackridge in his article titled The Pontic dialect: A corrupt version of Ancient Greek? writes -
"Linguistically speaking, Pontic shares so much in common with standard
Greek that it would be absurd not to see it as another dialect of
Modern Greek". Mackridge also quotes Dawkins (1937:24) who states that - "The
position of Pontic is at the end of a long chain of (Greek) dialects,
though it is the last link which has very nearly entirely detached
itself".
A question often arises as to whether
Pontic is a dialect or a language in itself. Whilst the answer may be
based on linguistic interpretation, it is worth noting that the Pontic
dialect was taught in schools to Pontic Greeks of the USSR during the
1930's. An assortment of publications then followed between 1930 and
1934 in particular. The dialect has been used in the arts (namely
theatre) before and after 1917, and is still being used in this sphere
today.
In conclusion, the Pontic dialect whilst
spoken and used today in various ways and forms, faces an uphill battle
when it comes to surviving in it's current form. While the possibility
of teaching the dialect within Pontus today, seems near on impossible
due to Turkey's strict laws on the running of Greek language schools,
the future most probably lies within Greece where the majority of it's
speakers reside.
References:
Peter Mackridge, St. George College, Oxford: The Pontic Dialect: A Corrupt Version of Ancient Greek?
Further Reading
